IP Address

A complete tutorial about IP Address

Let us begin with IP Addresses.

What is an IP Address?
► An Internet Protocol address is a numerical label assigned to each device (e.g., computer, mobile phone) that is connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.

► An IP address is used for two purposes:
1) To identify whether the interface is host or network.
2) To determine the location of the device.

► IP Versions: IPv4 and IPv6.
Although IPv4 is the earlier version, it is the most commonly used version.

► IPv4 is a 32-bit decimal number while IPv6 is 128-bit number.

► IPv4 is normally written as four numbers between 1 and 255, each separated from the other by a decimal point.
This standard is called as DOTTED-DECIMAL NOTATION.

► Ex: 115.241.40.93

► There are countless IP addresses in today's world!

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What is the purpose of IP Address Classes?

Each IP Address Class provides the following information:

► Class A: First 8 bits → NETWORK ID & remaining 24 bits → HOST ID

► Class B: First 16 bits → NETWORK ID & remaining 16 bits → HOST ID

► Class C: First 24 bits → NETWORK ID & remaining 8 bits → HOST ID

► Class D: It represents a 32-bit multicast group ID.

► Class E: It is currently not being used. (NO need)

► For example,
Let us consider the IP Address 203.43.21.12
We know that it belongs to Class C.
Therefore, the NETWORK ID is 203.43.21 and the HOST ID is 12.

TITAN (Largest Moon Of Saturn)

Scientists have pieced together the first-ever global topographic map of Titan, Saturn's largest moon, using radar observations from veteran NASA spacecraft.

The new map of Titan was stitched together from radar observations of the moon by NASA's Cassini spacecraft. It reveals an unprecedented look at Titan's surface and should help scientists learn more about one of the most Earth-like bodies in the solar system, members of the mapping team said.

"Titan has so much interesting activity — like flowing liquids and moving sand dunes — but to understand these processes it's useful to know how the terrain slopes," Ralph Lorenz, a member of the Cassini spacecraft's radar team at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Md., who led the map design effort, said in a statement. "It's especially helpful to those studying hydrology and modeling Titan's climate and weather, who need to know whether there is high ground or low ground driving their models." 

Titan is the second largest moon in the solar system, and the only one known to have clouds and a dense atmosphere. Scientists have been keen to study the cloud-covered world because of its Earth-like qualities. Titan's atmosphere, like Earth, is primarily composed of nitrogen, but instead of water, Titan's rain, clouds and lakes are made of methane.Titan's nitrogen-rich atmosphere also contains organic chemicals that are derived from methane, which may hold clues to the building blocks of life as we know it, the researchers said.

Typically, NASA maps the topography of planetary bodies using remote cameras to observe the shapes and shadows of the landscape. Titan's thick atmosphere, however, makes this difficult, the researchers explained.

NASA's Cassini probe has flown by Titan nearly 100 times since it arrived at Saturn in 2004. As the spacecraft swings past the hazy moon, it uses a radar imager to pierce through the clouds. These radar measurements can then be used to estimate the heights of topographical features on the moon.

But, since Cassini is only able to observe Titan on flybys, putting together a complete map of its surface is challenging.

"We have only imaged about half of Titan's surface, and multiple 'looks' or special observations are needed to estimate the surface heights," Lorenz said. "If you divided Titan into 1-degree by 1-degree [latitude and longitude] squares, only 11 percent of those squares have topography data in them."

To create a global map, Lorenz and his colleagues used a mathematical process called "splining," which uses smooth, curved surfaces to stitch together grids of existing data.

What is E=mc2

E=MC² is probably one of the best-known physics equations in the world, but few people really know what it means. The basic explanation of the equation is simple: E equals energy, M equals mass and C² is the speed of light in a vacuum [source:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]. The equation explains that energy and mass are intimately connected. In fact, they're so connected that mass can turn into energy given the right conditions. Even more surprising, though, is that the opposite also is true: If you compress energy enough, you can actually transform it into solid mass. For example, if you could shine two very strong sources of energy onto each other, the intense energy produced would actually cause small particles of matter to form.

The equation -- which Albert Einstein first demonstrated in 1905 -- might sound like it's straight out of a science fiction movie, but it has more practical applications than non-Einsteins might think. E=MC² is at the core of a number of scientific explanations. For example, the sun's existence can be explained using E=MC². Hydrogen and helium, the basic components of the sun, are elements of matter. As they fuse together, they cause a response similar to that of a fusion reactor that generates energy. A single kilogram of matter can produce 25 billion kilowatts of energy, which would explain why the sun is an intense ball of fire that keeps on burning [source: Science in Public].

E=MC² can't explain the big bang theory (the universe forming from nothing) completely, but it can explain how the universe expanded rapidly seconds after the initial explosion. At the time, mass and energy kept colliding and transforming back and forth, generating tremendous amounts of energy and creating more mass and expansion [source: PBS]. Breaking down Einstein's formula can help students trying to get through science, physics or astronomy classes see these concepts more clearly.

Many new technologies, such as carbon dating and positron emission tomography scans, make use of E=MC². And the formula explains how just a few ounces of uranium are enough to build a hydrogen bomb strong enough to destroy an entire city. Radium, another radioactive material, actually produces a luminous energy glow -- something that Marie Curie first realized at the end of the 19th century. The energy produced by radium is used today in radiology examinations as well as in everyday items such as luminous paints.

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Difference Between RealD vs. Imax Digital 3D

RealD 3D

An advertisement for RealD 3D technology.
(Credit: RealD)

The prevalent technology in 3D cinemas worldwide comes from RealD, an American company founded in 2003. The RealD 3D format is natively digital. This means that movies have to be produced in a digital 3D format for projection on film-less digital projectors. RealD cinemas also use a passive circular polarizing technique to achieve 3D which allows viewers a clear image even when turning or tilting their heads.Passive 3D TVs use circular polarizing technology, too. The first RealD 3D movie screened was Chicken Little in 2005.

Imax Digital 3D

An Imax auditorium in Singapore.
(Credit: Shaw Theaters)

This is a competing format that's been around for a little longer. Imax cinema auditoriums are well known for their massive, curved screens which fill a larger portion of your field-of-vision (FOV), or how much your eyes can see at any one time.

Imax Digital 3D is an evolutionary improvement of the analog Imax 3D theaters that have been around since 1986. Its long history is evident even in the much newer Imax Digital 3D theaters since they still utilize the linear polarizing technology of its analog predecessors. Unlike RealD, Imax 3D movies are less tolerant of head movements. Viewers have to avoid tilting their heads, though some turning--probably unavoidable due to the massive Imax screen format--is possible. Also, Imax screens are curved to fill an audience member's FOV, which enhances immersion while giving those sitting at the sides a better view of the action. Imax Digital auditoriums also use two 2K projectors for 3D shows, which leads to a visibly brighter image through the glasses.

While many Imax theaters these days are digital, there are still auditoriums with the analog Imax 3D format in the US and some other countries. These auditoriums typically have a larger screen and correspondingly large projection equipment and tend to be used for documentaries instead of feature films, too. Omnimax theaters (recently renamed as Imax Dome) are a variation of this analog format, but have a dome-shaped screen.

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What is Proxy server...??

In computer networks, a proxy server is a server (a computer system or an application) that acts as an intermediary for requests from clients seeking resources from other servers. A client connects to the proxy server, requesting some service, such as a file, connection, web page, or other resource available from a different server and the proxy server evaluates the request as a way to simplify and control its complexity. Today, most proxies are web proxies, facilitating access to content on the World Wide Web.

Difference between Lcd and Led. !!!

The Most Important Thing: The Display

The one main important thing to remember though is the display. After all, it will be the centerpiece of your multimedia setup. From playing games to watching movies and shows, your TV is where your eyes will be most of the time once you turn it on.

Checking out televisions for sale at your local shopping mall may be helpful to some degree, since you can see for yourself how accurately the display renders colors and the difference between displays once they’re stacked against each other. Before heading out though, what strikes the buyer is the inevitable choice of buying an LCD TV or LED TV.

Which one between these two types offers better picture quality and which one is the best overall? What offers value for your money and will last longer? It sometimes boils down to one’s preference, and to give you an idea on what you get if you choose to go with an LCD or LED TV, here’s a rundown of some of the major aspects being offered by both.

LED or LCD: It’s The Back Lighting

Technically speaking, an LED TV is also an LCD TV, as the screen on both is a liquid crystal display. An LCD display has two layers of glass that are polarized and joined together, the liquid crystals then pass or block the light to display the television picture.

The crystals do not produce any light as the light comes from a series of lamps at the back of the screen. On an LCD TV, the lamps at the back of the screen are fluorescent lamps, whilst on an LED TV the lights at the back of the screen are Light Emitting Diodes (LED).

There are two types of LED methods used to provide the back lighting to the screen: edge lighting (with or without local dimming) and full array lighting (with or without local dimming).  Majority of LED TVs fall in the edge-lit without local dimming category, with the LEDs placed only along the edge of the LCD panel.

It uses “light guides” to illuminate the center and other areas of the screen. Since its introduction a couple of years ago, manufacturers such as Samsung, LG and Sony have come up with a better version: edge lit with local dimming. This variety results in better picture quality, with the black levels becoming darker, providing a visual feast even for those very discerning viewers.

The Best Choice For Picture Quality

If you want the best in picture quality among LED TVs, technically it will have to be one that has full-array back lighting with local dimming. The individual zones of LEDs can be dimmed or brightened independently, making it more flexible and suitable to an individual’s taste and preference.

Comparing side by side, LED TVs generally have better black levels and contrasts than their LCD counterparts. Color accuracy is also slightly better on an LED TV. While LCD TVs are no slouch on color accuracy, compared to an LED TV, the latter has a slight advantage.

Viewing angle is more or less the same on both as this will depend on the glass panel used by the manufacturer. A thicker and higher quality glass panel is expected to provide a better viewing angle.

The Best Choice For Energy Efficiency

If power consumption is a major concern then what you need is an energy efficient television. LED TVs get the vote here as it is using less light to display its pictures. These are designed to produce a better quality pictures while also using less power than LCD models.

The Best Choice For Price

If the price tag is of major concern, LCD TVs are the obvious choice as their prices have gone down ever since LED TVs started becoming more mainstream.

The Best Choice For Size

In terms of size, LED TVs are slimmer compared to LCD TVs but not by much. LED lights can be installed in smaller places, allowing manufacturers to trim out some unnecessary weight. If space is an issue, better to keep those measuring tapes handy before buying your latest TV set.

The Best Choice For Gaming and Home Theatre

Planning to hook up your game console to your monitor? LCD TVs in the long run are recommended by many as the better choice since heads-up display (HUD) elements in some video games may create ghostly permanent images on the screen when used for a long time. This is what you call burn-in, which is less likely to happen with LCD TVs. Those who have set up a high-end home theater on their PC may also opt for an LCD TV to avoid the same.

Conclusion

Given these pros and cons of both LCD and LED TVs, it’s really up to the buyer to figure out which suits their needs best. Obviously, LED TVs have the more advanced technology, slightly better picture quality (generally speaking), but comes at a higher price point. LCD TVs remain in production despite the gaining popularity of their LED counterparts and this is because they offer good value given at a lower price, doing so with above average picture quality.

Do take note that setting up your new display properly is one of the first things you’ll need to do before going on a movie marathon to get the best results. Even the most advanced TV set can’t produce that stunning picture quality you’re looking for if it’s not set up properly.

This article was updated on the 23rd of December 2011. We also have a new guide on the latest TV technology that will be popular in 2012, OLED TVs, have a look at our OLED TV Explained guide.

HOW DOES ADSL2+ DIFFER TO ADSL?

The recent introduction of ADSL2+ has allowed users to increase their connection speed considerably. The thing is, not many people know the variation between the original ADSL connection and that of its new counterpart ADSL2+. The name does imply an improvement, but what exactly are the differences between ADSL and ADSL2+?

But before we delve into the differences between the two, let’s find out how ADSL came about…

Cast your mind back to the 1980’s, where the internet was barely even known or understood by the greater population. This is when a gentleman by the name of Joseph Lechleider came up with a way to transmit data over broadband signals — thus the broadband revolution was born. Not only did he find the solution of broadband internet, but also pioneered ADSL (Asymmetrical DSL). ADSL allowed it’s users to download information faster than they uploaded it. This was really the answer to many internet users’ problems as rarely did one need to upload faster than they could download.

ADSL was the first solution to make the shift from analogue to digital connections. This technology first came onto the scene by way of ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), which is basically a network of digital phone lines that allows voice and data to be transmitted anywhere in the world.

Since its inception, ADSL has only had the capacity to support a maximum speed of 2Mbps. When it was first released, this was an incredible speed as the main alternative at the time available to consumers was dial-up! Traditional ADSL also can sometimes take longer to connect to a network and quality can be compromised depending on the location of the connection. But don’t forget, at the time of introduction, ADSL was an incredible addition to the ISP market as it gave people the freedom to download faster than they uploaded, which mirrored the way the internet was being used.

Now let’s look at the ADSL and ADSL2+ comparisons. The true difference between ADSL and ADSL2+ is speed. Technology advances on a daily basis, but ADSL2+ really does have the capacity to change how the world communicates. ADSL2+ has the ability to support up to a whopping 24Mbps and can connect to networks extremely fast without much trouble. And at the end of the day, advances in internet are always about the speed of an internet connection — and ADSL2+ takes the cake!

Many ISP’s are either preparing for or offering ADSL2+ to their customers as you read this. ADSL2+ really has taken another leap forward in terms of how the world uses and communicates over the internet. Basically all that’s left to do is enjoy high internet download speeds, faster connections and less waiting around!